Everything and Nothing about Designing

  ELEMENTS OF DESIGN There are certain Elements of Design which needs to be kept in mind while designing , these are; 1. Point 2. Line 3.  Shape 4.  Form 5.  Color 6.  Texture 7. Pattern POINT: A   point   is an  element  that has position, but no extension. It is a single mark in space with a precise, but limited, location. LINE: Line  is  defined by a point moving in  space .  Lines  can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal or curved. They can be any width or texture. And can be continuous, implied, or broken. SHAPE: Shape is defined as an two dimensional closed figure. S hapes  are created when the ends of lines are joined to enclose areas. They can be Geometrical or Abstract. FORM: A three dimensional closed figure is called form.  Form can be measured, from top to bottom (height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). COLOR: Color is seen either by the way light reflects off a surface, or ...

  PRE-TANNING  OPERATIONS 1.  Curing 2.  Soaking 3.  Liming 4.  Fleashing and Splitting 5.  Unhairing 6.  Reliming 7.  Deliming 8.  Degreasing 9.  Bating 10. Scudding 11.Pickling A. Curing or Preservation of Hide/Skin : Hides & skins after flaying from the dead animals liable to be decomposed by chemical or bacterial attacks if they are not preserved properly or processed immediately for Tanning. The smell of ammonia coming out from H/S is clear indication that the putrefaction has started. Proper and timely preservation or curing will prevent the H/S from both bacterial decomposition & bio-mechanical changes. The curing is done to eliminate or dehydrate the moisture from H/S (up to less than 30%) to prevent the development of bacteria. Three popular methods of curing are: 1. Wet Salting 2. Dry Salting 3. Drying Before curing, the loose fleshes must be separated off and the dirt, the blood adhering to the hides or skins shou...

   TANNING Tanning is the process to convert putrescible hides and skins into non-putrescible material known as leather. Tanning is the process which converts the protein of the raw hide or skin into a stable material which will be suitable for a wide variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw hides and tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard inflexible material which putrefies when wetted back, while tanned material dries out to a flexible form that does not become putrid when wetted back. Many tanning methods and materials can be used for making leather but the choice is ultimately dependent on the end application of the leather. The most commonly used tanning material is chromium , which gives the leather, once tanned, a light blue color (due to the chromium) and this product is commonly called "wet blue" .The hides once they have finished Pickling   will typically be between pH 2.8 and 3.2 . At this point, the hides would be loaded...